European Vacation There's a

Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis - The Region - European Vacation (December 2003) I'm at: Home > Publications > The Region > December 2003 > Article Publications Expand All Collapse All The Region Index by Issue Interviews President's Columns fedgazette Index by Issue Topics Index Annual Report Quarterly Review Community Dividend Banking and Policy Studies Articles Toolbox ( advanced search ) December 2003 European Vacation There's a simple reason Americans work longer hours than Europeans, says economist Ed Prescott. And it isn't what you think Douglas Clement Editor It's no secret that Europeans work less than Americans do. Every Labor Day the media tell us that Europeans have just enjoyed weeks of summer vacation while Americans have been toiling away. These stories often depict Americans as hard-working drones who revere material possessions above all else. Europeans meanwhile bask in the good life of long lunches and months at the beach. There is some truth to the portrayal, at least in terms of hours worked. The International Labor Organization reports that the average American worked 1,815 hours in 2002, well above the comparable figures for France (1,545) and Germany (1,444), for example. (The average South Korean, on the other hand, worked over 2,400 hours.) But if it's widely acknowledged that Americans work more hours than Europeans, it remains a puzzle quite why there's such a large difference. With similar economies and social structures—at least relative to the rest of the world—it would seem that labor patterns should also be alike. Social scientists have been hard-pressed to explain the disparity. Most accounts focus on cultural explanations. The most popular is the notion that Europeans have a fuller appreciation of la dolce vita —the sweet life—the Italian version of the idea that life is to be enjoyed, not endured. Work is a means to an end, not an end in itself. The idea of cultural and religious influences on economic activity isn't new. German sociologist Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism nearly a century ago, attributing the rise of capitalist economies to the “Protestant work ethic.” It was an immensely persuasive theory in its time, and derivative explanations have held great sway ever since. “Why do Europeans and Americans differ so much in their attitude toward work and leisure? I can think of two reasons,” opines a recent Time magazine essay. “Broadly speaking, Americans value stuff—SUVs, 7,000-sq.-ft. houses—more than they value time, while for Europeans it's the opposite. Second, ... in the puritanical version of Christianity that has always appealed to Americans, religion comes packaged with the stern message that hard work is good for the soul. Modern Europe has avoided so melancholy a lesson.” “It all comes down to what people feel is important and how they feel about their lives,” argues a September 2003 U.S. News & World Report editorial. “We value more money and more stuff; they value more leisure time. ... We are proud of being busy—it is a virtue; being idle is perceived as a vice.” Economic explanations Economists have always been suspect of such cultural explanations. Standard economic theory assumes that people's preferences are, on average, homogeneous, and that choices depend largely on economic factors. Still, while economists agree that dollars and cents lie behind the work pattern differential, there is little harmony among them as to the right economic explanation. Some economists say work regulations keep Europeans from working longer hours and point favorably to recent European reforms on vacation time. Others argue that greater inequality in the United States motivates workers to try harder to get ahead. Most of these explanations come from the perspective of labor economics and its core belief that social structures and institutions such as unions are the major determinants of labor patterns. But in a recent series of papers and lectures, Edward C. Prescott, senior monetary adviser to the Minneapolis Fed and economist at Arizona State University, looks at the labor supply question through the prism of the growth model—a different perspective altogether—and provides a convincing and remarkably straightforward explanation for the dramatic differences in hours worked. It is an explanation that has far-reaching implications for policymakers—and for anyone else who's ever received a paycheck. According to Prescott, the reason for these large differences in labor supply is not culture. “French, Japanese, and U.S. workers all have similar preferences,” he writes. “The French are not better at enjoying leisure. The Japanese are not compulsive savers.” The reason for the wide range in working hours is, in a word, taxes. Europeans supply less labor because there's a much larger wedge in most European countries between what a worker is paid and what that worker actually gets to keep after taxes are taken out. This tax wedge, argues Prescott, distorts the trade-off people make between consumption and leisure by making consumption more expensive. And since people work, ultimately, to earn money to pay for consumption goods, they'll supply less labor if consumption goods become relatively more expensive. The cheaper alternative: leisure. Hello, Riviera. If the concept seems straightforward, its evolution was anything but. Like most ideas that seem obvious in retrospect, the awareness that taxes distort labor markets dramatically and account for major international differences in work patterns came about indirectly and as a revelation to those who happened upon it. The discovery Prescott's discovery about the role of taxes in labor supply variation began, simply enough, in his classroom at the University of Minnesota, where he taught from 1980 to 2003. “I was making up exercises for my students,” he recalled in a recent interview. “I said, 'use this nice little growth model.'” The “nice little model” he presented to his students is the workhorse of modern macroeconomics; it says, mathematically, that a nation's total output (or gross domestic product, GDP) is dependent on three sources: labor, capital and the efficiency (or productivity) with which it merges them to create economic value. The other key part of this standard theory is, in the jargon of economics, a utility function: a formula representing the notion that households try to maximize their happiness by finding the best possible combination of leisure and consumption, given their resources. Prescott wanted his students to become familiar with this model by looking at how it performed in different nations over time, and how key variables—capital endowments, productivity, labor supply—could account for differences among nations in per capita GDP. “I wanted to try to get across the basic ideas and the importance of productivity,” said Prescott. “And then I thought, let's put a few taxes in.” The intuition was far more significant than Prescott suspected, but that became clear only after looking at the relative contributions of capital, productivity and labor. The data, compiled by the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, showed that in the mid-1990s among developed countries—the United States, much of Europe and Japan—relative levels of capital differ little and explain just a small portion of the variation in per capita GDP (see adjacent table). “The capital factor is not an important factor in accounting for differences in incomes across the OECD countries,” writes Prescott in his 2002 Richard T. Ely Lecture to the American Economic Association. “[It] contributes at most 8 percent to the differences in income between any of these countries.” Capital, Labor, Productivity and GDP 1993-96 Country Capital/ Output Ratio (1990) Hours worked per Week per Person 15-64 Productivity: GDP per hour Worked; US=100 GDP per Person 15-64; US=100 Germany 2.7 19.3 99 74 France 2.2 17.5 110 74 Italy 2.6 16.5 90 57 Canada na 22.9 89 79 United Kingdom 2.6 22.8 76 67 Japan 2.5 27.0 74 78 United States 2.3 25.9 100 100 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 321 and Working Paper 618 . Productivity, on the other hand, is very important, at least for some national differences. Japan and the United States, for example, have similar levels of labor and capital, but per capita GDP in Japan is far below that in the United States because its productivity is less than three-quarters that of the United States. But what of European countries like France, Italy and Germany? Why are their levels of per capita GDP so much lower? All these nations have capital endowments comparable to the United States. Their productivity levels also are similar to U.S. rates, or in the case of France, even higher. The data suggest that the differences in wealth are due almost exclusively to the markedly lower number of hours worked in these European countries. Germany, for instance, had a slightly higher capital endowment than the United States and an equal level of productivity, but just 74 percent of the U.S. per capita GDP. The evident reason: Its workers supplied just over 19 hours of labor per week compared to nearly 26 hours a week per American worker. While many believe that cultural differences lead to fewer hours worked in Europe than in the United States, Prescott doubts it. After all, data from the early 1970s show that the French actually worked more hours per week than did Americans at that time. Has French culture changed radically over the last two decades? Probably not: They still like good wine, aged cheese and, inexplicably, Jerry Lewis. Prescott's hunch was that differences in marginal tax rates might explain the differences in labor supplied and thus account for differences in per capita GDP. Enter the tax wedge “What is important is the price of consumption relative to leisure,” Prescott writes in the lecture he gave in April 2003 as he accepted Northwestern University's prestigious Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics. “And it is determined by the consumption tax rate and the labor income tax rate.” (See the lecture, “ Why Do Americans Work So Much More Than Europeans? ”) By introducing these taxes into the growth model, and making standard microeconomic assumptions, Prescott derived what he calls “the key equilibrium relation.” 1 It's a mathematical formula for labor supply that says workers will supply labor dependent on, among other things, their preference for consumption now over consumption later (spend or save?), their preference for leisure relative to consumption (play or work?) and the effective tax rate. Holding the first two variables fixed and looking empirically at different national tax rates enables Prescott to see if tax differences can account, fully or partially, for variations in labor hours supplied. Estimating the effective tax rates in these countries was, in itself, a major accounting exercise. Consumption taxes include value-added taxes, sales taxes, excise taxes and property taxes. Labor is subject to both income taxes and Social Security taxes. For each nation under consideration, Prescott and his students crunched the numbers, determined a tax rate, plugged it into the formula along with fixed estimates of the other variables, and derived predictions of labor hours supplied per week per worker. How good were the predictions? Dead-on for Germany and the United Kingdom, a bit low for Canada and the United States, and a bit high for the other countries (see table below). Given measurement inaccuracies, the rough nature of the tax-rate estimates and the difficulty of international comparisons, writes Prescott, the model's predictions were “surprisingly close to the actual.” Tax Rates and Labor Supply 1993-96 Country Tax Rate (percent) Actual Hours Worked per Week per Person 15-64 Predicted Hours Worked per Week per Person 15-64 Difference (Predicted Minus Actual) Germany 59 19.3 19.5 0.2 France 59 17.5 19.5 2.0 Italy 64 16.5 18.8 2.3 Canada 52 22.9 21.3 -1.6 United Kingdom 44 22.8 22.8 0.0 Japan 37 27.0 29.0 2.0 United States 40 25.9 24.6 -1.3 Source: “ Why Do Americans Work So Much More Than Europeans ?” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 321. Here, notes Prescott, “the important observation is that the low labor supplies in Germany, France and Italy are due to high tax rates. In these countries if someone works more and produces 100 additional euros of output, that individual gets to consume only 40 euros of additional consumption and pays directly or indirectly 60 euros in taxes.” Put in such stark terms, it seems obvious that many Europeans might opt to work less, while Americans and Japanese, taxed more lightly, would be keen to put in extra hours. Confirmation and implications Prescott found further confirmation for his hypothesis when he looked at tax rates and labor supply in the early 1970s (see table below). While his model's predictions of labor hours supplied diverge from the actual in several cases—Italy and Japan, in particular—Prescott observes that “when European and U.S. tax rates were comparable, European and U.S. labor supplies were roughly equal.” Tax Rates and Labor Supply 1970-74 Country Tax Rate (percent) Actual Hours Worked per Week per Person 15-64 Predicted Hours Worked per Week per Person 15-64 Difference (Predicted Minus Actual) Germany 52 24.6 24.6 0.0 France 49 24.4 25.4 1.0 Italy 41 19.2 28.3 9.1 Canada 44 22.2 25.6 3.4 United Kingdom 45 25.9 24.0 -1.9 Japan 25 29.8 35.8 6.0 United States 40 23.5 26.4 2.9 Source: “ Why Do Americans Work So Much More Than Europeans ?” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 321. As for the outliers, Italy and Japan, Prescott suggests that other factors may be significant. In Italy, cartels may have played a role in depressing labor supply below its predicted value. In Japan, significant measurement errors in actual hours worked could account for the overly high prediction by the model. And what seems another anomaly is very likely an indirect confirmation of the importance of marginal tax rates on labor supply, according to Prescott. In the United States, actual hours worked per person increased by 10 percent from the 1970s to the 1990s, though the marginal tax rate remained at 40 percent. Prescott argues that U.S. tax reforms in the 1980s changed the effective marginal tax faced by married couples—dropping the rate in half for the second earner's income—even though it remained nominally at 40 percent. “In the 1993-96 [period],” he writes, “the marginal income tax on the labor income associated with switching between a one-earner and a two-earner household is only 20 percent, not 40 percent.” The issue warrants more attention, he says, and indeed, his colleagues Larry Jones, Rodolfo Manuelli and Ellen McGrattan have recently released a paper on this exact question. (See “ Wives at Work .”) On the whole, Prescott states, the results show that “people are remarkably similar across countries” and not only for these relatively prosperous and homogeneous nations, but for Chile, Mexico and Argentina, as well, where other economists have found similar relationships. “Apparently, idiosyncratic preference differences average out and result in the [representative] household having almost identical preferences across countries.” The policy implications are enormous for high-tax countries. If France were to lower its effective tax rate from 60 percent to 40 percent, estimates Prescott, its people would work more (taking 6.6 percent less leisure) and—remember their high productivity?—would generate considerably more output. Tax revenues wouldn't diminish, because the 40 percent rate would be levied on a higher base. And overall French “welfare gains,” as economists put it, would increase nearly 20 percent. In the United States, reducing marginal tax rates would have a more modest impact, according to the model: A 10 percent rate reduction would produce a 7 percent welfare gain. But even in the United States, Prescott's findings have huge implications for the viability of the Social Security system. (See “ Shrinking a deadweight loss .”) Foreign affairs In recent months, Prescott has traveled widely, presenting his findings not only to American audiences but to economists and policymakers in London, Berlin, Toulouse, Tokyo and elsewhere overseas. And in fact, says Prescott, Europeans tend to be more receptive than Americans. “The economists there understand that there is a problem,” he said after returning from France in mid-September. “I got some excellent suggestions when I presented the paper, the best so far.” But at all venues, he observes, the common denominator is surprise. Prescott is the first to admit that he, too, thought the results were startling, unexpected. “I find it remarkable that virtually all of the large difference in labor supply between France and the United States is due to differences in tax systems,” he writes in his Ely lecture. “I expected institutional constraints on the operation of labor markets and the nature of the unemployment benefit system to be more important.” Moreover, he concedes that cultural explanations might carry the day in a few settings. “Scandinavians seem to be a little bit different,” he said recently, referring to research by Richard Rogerson, an economist at Arizona State University. “My theory is when one of those Swedes looks at you when you're not working, it's pretty intimidating.” More seriously, he allows that in small, homogeneous cultures, social pressures can be quite strong. But even in large, heterogeneous nations, tax wedges don't always tell the whole story, according to Prescott. “Taxes are not the only reason that the labor factors differ,” says Prescott's Ely lecture. Unemployment benefits and housing subsidies—not taxes—distorted labor mobility in the United Kingdom between the first and second World Wars, contributing significantly to that country's interwar depression. New Deal policies supporting cartels in America's heavy industries distorted wages and employment in the last half of the 1930s, contributing to the depth and duration of the Great Depression in the United States. Similarly, cartels in 1970s Italy may have suppressed employment there. Prescott relies on work by University of California, Los Angeles economists Harold Cole and Lee Ohanian in making these conjectures. Still, while taxes aren't the all-powerful explanatory factor for all nations and eras, Prescott contends that in major developed countries in the time period under consideration, the labor supply impact of tax wedges is a powerful and undeniable fact. Other academics As befits the work of any prominent scholar, Prescott's theory has attracted close academic scrutiny—beyond the initial reaction of surprise—from both adherents and critics. In one recent paper, Peter Lindert, an economist at the University of California, Davis, refers to Prescott's study as dependent upon “a theoretical model heavily laden with assumptions. It is educated, intelligent, plausible fiction—but fiction nonetheless.” On the other hand (as Lindert points out) Prescott's model and findings are cited quite favorably by Nobel Laureate Robert Lucas in his 2003 presidential address to the American Economic Association. Lindert calls for empirical tests. Steven Davis at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business and Magnus Henrekson of the Stockholm School of Economics oblige with a careful econometric analysis of the impact of labor income and consumption taxes on employment and work activity. In their study of rich countries in the mid-1990s, they find that a 12.8 percentage point difference in tax rates is associated with 122 fewer market work hours per adult per year and nearly a 5 percentage point decrease in employment—population ratios—an indirect affirmation of Prescott's theory. A very different perspective was presented earlier this year in a series of lectures by British economist Richard Layard, co-director of the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics. Layard takes issue with GDP itself as a satisfactory measure of human welfare—or utility, as Jeremy Bentham and subsequent economists have termed it—noting that “happiness has not increased, despite huge increases in living standards.” To summarize a lengthy argument, Layard's idea is that a tax wedge on labor income could actually increase utility by decreasing a sort of pollution: overwork brought on by the inherent human desire to do better than our peers, regardless of our absolute level of income. Keeping up with the Joneses, in other words, leads to overwork, ill health and unhappiness—rivalry distorts the leisure/labor decision. Appropriate public policy should diminish this pollution by taxing it. “In an efficient economy,” Layard writes, “there will be substantial levels of corrective taxation ... 60 percent would not seem inappropriate, and that is in fact the typical level of marginal taxation in Europe—if you allow for direct and indirect taxes.” Prescott responds Prescott's reactions to these ideas vary widely. Sitting in his seventh-floor office at the Minneapolis Fed, he reads through the first pages of Lindert's paper, then drops it on his desk. “It doesn't seem to be coherent,” he says. Davis and Henrekson's study, on the other hand, intrigues him. That might seem predictable given its broad support of Prescott's findings, but Davis and Henrekson employ a technique Prescott generally scorns: statistical regression. “Progress, don't regress,” he says with a smile, quoting the slogan featured prominently on his Internet home page. Regardless of their method, Prescott is drawn to the findings and has invited Davis to Minneapolis to get a closer look at their work. But Prescott's response to Layard's argument—more complete and nuanced—conveys a sense of Prescott himself. He begins by summarizing Layard's case in a phrase: “I'm happy if I have a lot more income—than you,” he says, grinning and quite aware that he does. As to the overwork such rivalry might cause, “that just says there's a consumption externality.” Then he conveys the concept with a story. “I always tried to create a positive externality in Pittsburgh for my neighbors who had these beautiful lawns,” he jokes of his grad school days at Carnegie Mellon University. “By my having a messy lawn, their lawns looked so much better. I mowed it, but I didn't do much else with my lawn. And it gave me utility to see them happier.” He tells the story with a verbal wink, acknowledging silently that his Pittsburgh yard care externality may well have been less than zero. The conspiratorial smile changes to professorial zeal as he begins to dissect Layard's reasoning: “Suppose everybody cares about relative consumption as well as own consumption. You work out the equilibrium, it's not Pareto optimal. Let's deal with the case where everybody enters symmetrically. So it's simple to make the ordering. Well, you can make everybody better off by just putting a tax on consumption so that they work less. That's a very standard model. Now what would be the empirical evidence for and against that?” In under five minutes, Prescott has crystallized an argument, communicated it to a visitor in plain language and personal anecdote, then converted it to the idiom of economics and laid out steps for its confirmation or refutation. It's vintage Prescott: analytically brilliant, unexpectedly funny and several beats ahead of everyone else. That last bit is the essence of a conversation with the economist. When you ask him a question, it sometimes seems that his reply is off-topic; then it dawns on you that Ed Prescott is answering the question you should have asked. A pattern of surprise Prescott's willingness to entertain alternatives, to listen to critics, to incorporate the unexpected is deeply characteristic of his work. That flexibility is, in fact, the paradoxical outcome of a rigid research discipline. In setting model parameters, for instance, or reporting research results, “the investigator has no degrees of freedom,” he says. “You have to tie your hands and if there's a deviation from your predictions, you report it. You can speculate on why, but you've got to be totally honest.” Intellectual honesty also means allowing findings to modify, even subvert initial hypotheses. It happens frequently, says Prescott. Much of the work for which he's best known—theories on time inconsistency, real business cycles, the equity premium and growth theory—has been developed in an ongoing process of research and revelation. “When I work out the implications, I'm quite often surprised: The findings change my views quite dramatically,” he says. “When I did the real business cycles work with Finn Kydland, I was certain that monetary shocks were the reason the economy fluctuated with the business cycles. Our findings were just the opposite. When I did some work with Rajnish Mehra on the equity premium puzzle, I was certain that the reason for the high historical difference in the return on equity relative to debt was just a premium for bearing aggregate, nondiversifiable risk. We found it wasn't.” For time inconsistency and the impact of taxes on labor supply, as well, surprise has been an intrinsic part of the process. Future direction As striking as his labor supply findings are—and though many aspects of it remain unresolved—Prescott senses that the big theoretical questions in economic growth lie elsewhere, and he is now turning his attention to them. “I think I've had my say on labor supply,” he concludes. In his Ely lecture, he lays out three sources of economic growth: capital, labor and productivity. The first two are important in understanding why some nations remain poor while others prosper, but the central question, contends Prescott, is what determines productivity? “Given productivity, our macro models are great,” he says. “But we treat it as exogenous. We've got to have a better understanding of mapping between policies and productivity.” In other words, what can governments do to enhance productivity? Prescott's main candidates are efficient financial markets, competition among producers and trading clubs. And currently, the last is his major focus. “What is a trading club?” he asks rhetorically. “Well, first, free movement of goods between the member states. But it's much, much more than that. ...” Prescott continues at length, with a discourse ranging from Toyota factories in Wales to trade among the U.S. states in the 19th century. He speaks quickly, and as he does there is a sense that each research question he asks leads him to a dozen more, each more interesting than the last. He will travel soon to Warsaw and then Bogotá to explore these ideas with other economists and policymakers. “It's going to be fascinating to see what's happening in Poland,” he remarks. In Colombia, “the president is trying to do some good things there, and we have to go down and help out.” He's not a policymaker himself. “I leave that to other people,” he says. “I'm no good at it. My comparative advantage is working out implications of theory.” And in so doing, it seems there is just one constraint: Even for Ed Prescott, a scholar who understands labor supply dynamics as well as anyone on earth, there are only 24 hours in a day. “Time,” observes the economist, “is the most valuable resource.” 1 The two assumptions: (1) that people decide between leisure and consumption based on their relative prices, at the margin, and (2) that in a competitive market, wages are equal to their marginal product of labor. The “key equilibrium relation” also depends on the share of a nation's output due to capital. Top of document Advanced Search Glossary See also: Shrinking a deadweight loss

mexico travel guide, vacations

Mexico Travel Guide, Mexico Vacations - www.go2mexico.com Mexico Travel Guide - Ultimate resource to plan, enjoy and make the best of your vacation in Mexico with information on Cities, Travel Agents, Hotels, Restaurants, Nightlife, Activities, Real Estate Companies and much more! Mexico, mexico travel guide, vacations to mexico, mexican republic, mexico travel, travel information, portal mexico, portal to mexico, vacations in mexico, mexico destinations, mexico travel destinations, travel news, travel directories, vacation planer, hotels directories, restaurant directories, travel agents, destination management companies, travel magazine, travel to mexico, mexico history, culture, traditions, los cabos, cabo san lucas, monterrey, coppoer canyon, cancun, cozumel, oaxaca, puerto vallarta, manzanillo, mazatlan, mexico city, acapulco, ixtapa, zihuatanejo, huatulco, guadalajara, destination guides, guide to mexico, travel guide of mexico, mexico on line, mexico on internet, search for mexico, vacation packages, links to mexico, hotels in mexico, explore mexico, mexico expeditions, activities, tours in mexico, tours to mexico, maps, mexico map, adventure in mexico, travel topics, travel tips, tips to travel, american on line to mexico, mexico profile, travel news, spanish helper, go to mexico, go to travel information, mexico files, archaeology in mexico, vacation packages, travel packages, resorts in mexico, mexico resorts, books on mexico, beach destinations, weather report, travel and transportation information, mexico travel guise in yahoo, search for mexico in excite, doing business in mexico, mexican companies on line, links to mexico travel companies, Your browser not working with frames, please upgrade. Travel Tips | Spanish Helper | Mexico Articles | Travel Links | Save Time Acapulco | Cancun | Copper Canyon | Cozumel | Guadalajara Huatulco | Ixtapa | Los Cabos | Manzanillo | Mazatlan Mexico City | Monterrey | Oaxaca | Puerto Vallarta

Japan Travel Tips Japanese

Japan maps by region - maps of Japan - Japan travel maps  You are here: About > Travel > Japan for Visitors > Japan Maps > Japan Map by Region Travel Go Japan Essentials Clickable Map of Japan Japan Pictures Japan Travel Tips Japanese Geisha Japan 101 - Fact about Japan Articles & Resources Japan Maps Picture of Japan / Web cams Best of Japan / Attractions Hotels/Accommodations Tokyo / Cities / Regions Japanese Translators Japanese Culture Etiquette / Living in Japan Japan Weather / Geography Japan History / Samurai Japanese Penpal / Chat Plan Your Trip to Japan Air Travel / Train Travel Restaurants / Japanese Food Japanese Gift / Japan Books Buyer's Guide Before You Buy Top Picks Japanese Gifts Product Reviews Forums Help FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Japan for Visitors newsletter! See Online Courses   Search Japan for Visitors > Japan Maps > Japan Map by Region Japan Map by Region Lists various Japan maps by region. Subtopics Hokkaido Maps @ Osaka Maps @ Kyoto Maps @ Tokyo Maps @ Kyushu Maps @ Articles & Resources Sort By : Guide Picks | Alphabetical | Recent Tokyo map - map of Tokyo - Japan maps A list of tokyo maps - map of Tokyo. Tokyo Map - Wards and Cities in Tokyo Indicates all wards and cities in Tokyo in a map. Honshu Island Map Shows the location of major cities in Honshu Island. From your About Guide. Kinki Region Map Includes Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe cities. From your About Guide. Shikoku Island Map A simple map, which indicates major cities in Shikoku Island. From your About Guide. Map of Tohoku Includes Miyagi, Yamagata, and Fukushima prefecture. Indicates Sendai-city. From Expedia Maps. Map of Chubu region Includes Aichi, Gifu, Mie, and Shizuoka prefecture. indicates Nagoya-city. From Expedia Maps. Map of Nagano Overview of Nagano, Gunma, Niigata prefecture. From Expedia Maps. Map of Hokuriku Overview of Ishikawa,Toyama, and Fukui prefecture. Includes Kanazawa-city. From Expedia Maps. Kansai Map A large map of Kansai region. Map of Hiroshima Overview of Hiroshima prefecture. From Expedia Maps. Map of Shikoku Includes Takamatsu, Matsuyama, and Kochi. From Expedia Maps. Map of Okinawa A map of Okinawa prefecture. Indicates Naha-city. From Expedia Maps.        Topic Index | Email to a Friend Our Story | Be a Guide | Advertising Info | Work at About | Site Map | Icons | Help User Agreement | Ethics Policy | Patent Info. | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy ©2005 About, Inc., A part of the New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Around About New Video iPod - Review POLL: Must-Have Gadgets VIDEO: Portable Gaming VIDEO: Choosing a TV Hugh Hefner's Life What's Hot Japan Postcard - Japanese free email postcards - New Year's ... Japan Map - Nagano Prefecture Map - Map of Japan Universal Studios Japan Odaiba Photos Pictures of Japan - mount fuji picture - mt. fuji Photo Headlines Best Japan Photos in 2005 Which Japan photo gallery was viewed the most by visitors... Japanese New Year's Cards Sending New Year's cards to relatives, friends, teachers, classmates, and... Photo Gallery: Christmas Decorations in Japan Christmas in Tokyo Disneyland, Odaiba, Ebisu Garden Place, and more.... Christmas in Tokyo There are many fun events and beautiful Christmas illuminations to...

TRAVEL GUIDE Czech History

CzechSite Prague Travel Guide FIX UP YOUR TRIP Book Your Hotel Book Your Apartment Book Your Car Take a Guided Tour Let's Go Outdoor Get a Free Map Get a Guide Book Find the Connection Improve Your Czech Message Board TRAVEL GUIDE Czech History Famous Czechs Visas and Embassies General Information Getting There Getting Around Architecture and Sights Chateaux and Castles Music, Film, Theater Museums and Galleries Pubs and Restaurants Sport Activities Banks and Money Post, Phone, Internet Laundry Medical Care Shopping Around DISCOVER PRAGUE Photo Album Virtual Reality Tour PRAGUE EVERYDAY This Season News Get Daily News Weather Forecast Exchange Rates GENEALOGY Find Your Roots BUSINESS GUIDE Relocate To Czech Hello from Prague! It is night, Wednesday, December 28 in Prague andall Czech people named Bohumila are celebrating their name day. ALFONS MUCHA Exhibition Brotherhood of the Slavs is presented in The House of the Golden Ring till January 8. Find more in This Season News BOOK YOUR APARTMENT Book reasonable apartment for you in Prague through our new service introduced this spring. Find more in Book Your Apartment IMPRESE Rudolfinum Gallery presents exhibition Imprese till January 8. Do not miss it! Find more in This Season News KAREL SLENGER Trade Fair Palace presents Modern Art by Karel Slenger till January 15. Find more in This Season News DAY OF SKIING Let's go out to Krkonose mountains for one day skiing with us. Find more in Let's Go Outdoor SMS GATE Does your Czech friend have a cellular phone? Send him or her a message. Try our SMS Gate CLASSICAL MUSIC Municipal and Rudolfinum concert halls present classical music concerts almost daily. Find more and get the tickets online ABOUT THIS SITE This nonprofit travel guide for your trip to Prague and Czech Republic is located in San Francisco and is updated from Prague daily since 1996. Find more about this site . CHRISTMAS TIME Day is short in Prague, weather is cold and there is huge Christmas tree on Old Town Square. It is wonderful time for walking around this romantic city. Sometimes it might be rainy or snowy, good opportunity to go inside some gallery or exhibition hall. At night you could visit an opera, listen some classical music concert or see some black light theater performance. Enjoy Christmas time in Prague. THE BEST RESTAURANTS Check out the best place for your dinner in our large addressbook of the best Czech restaurants. Find more in Pubs and Restaurants YOUR NEAREST EMBASSY Find your nearest embassy in our large database of Czech missions abroad. Find more in Visas and Embassies NAME DAY SEARCH Do you have a Czech friend? Find out her or his nameday. Try our Name Day Search © CzechSite, San Francisco, Prague, 1996-2005. All Rights Reserved. Contact Webmaster Online accommodation (hotel, hostel), car rental, guided tour reservation, photo album, virtual reality.

Disney Vacation Deals at

disney vacation discount usedir.dynu.net disney vacation discount online disney vacation discount Top List Disney Vacation Deals at Travelocity Visit Travelocity.com to get great prices on Disney vacation deals. Book your vacation online and save. site: travelocity.com Disney Vacation Deals at Travelocity Visit Travelocity.com to get great prices on Disney vacation deals. Book your vacation online and save. site: http://www.travelocity.com/ Unique Florida Homes Lists Orlando vacation homes and villas with private pools. Includes actual photos of vacation rentals and a location map in relation to the Disney World. site: uniquefloridaorlando.com All Star Vacation Homes - Florida Vacation Rentals Vacation home management company offers vacation rental homes, condos, and town homes that are located less than four miles from Walt Disney World. site: allstarvacationhomes.com Exclusive Florida Homes, Vacation Homes in Orlando, Florida Agency specializes in short-term vacation homes for rent in the Disney area of Orlando, Florida. site: exclusivefloridahomes.com All Star Vacation Homes - Florida Vacation Rentals Vacation home management company offers vacation rental homes, condos, and town homes that are located less than four miles from Walt Disney World. site: http://www.allstarvacationhomes.com/ Unique Florida Homes Lists Orlando vacation homes and villas with private pools. Includes actual photos of vacation rentals and a location map in relation to the Disney World. site: http://www.uniquefloridaorlando.com/ Exclusive Florida Homes, Vacation Homes in Orlando, Florida Agency specializes in short-term vacation homes for rent in the Disney area of Orlando, Florida. site: http://www.exclusivefloridahomes.com/ Discount Airfare, Hotels, Cruises, Vacations Offers a great selection of travel agent prices for multiple airlines, hotels, cruises, and vacation packages with helpful information, tips, and links. site: http://www.1800gofly.com Discount Disney Vacation - Travel Bargains Find great travel bargains with one-stop comparison. Try SideStep, the award-winning Traveler Search Engine. Download our toolbar to search and save on flights, hotels, car rental and more! site: http://www.sidestep.com Hotwire: Discount Travel To Orlando Bargain travel options, even last minute. Hotwire can get you a deal. site: http://www.hotwire.com Discount Disney Vacation - Travel Bargains Find great travel bargains with one-stop comparison. Try SideStep, the award-winning Traveler Search Engine. Download our toolbar to search and save on flights, hotels, car rental and more! site: http://www.sidestep.com Unique Florida Homes Lists Orlando vacation homes and villas with private pools. Includes actual photos of vacation rentals and a location map in relation to the Disney World. site: www.uniquefloridaorlando.com Florida Dreams Vacations Ask a Disney-vacation-rental specialist about available villas with up to five bedrooms in the central Florida area. Contact homeowners. site: www.floridadreamsvacations.com Florida Vacation Villas - American Homes Rental & Management Call toll-free to reserve these Orlando rental homes close to Disney World and local attractions. Vacation villas are fully furnished and feature swimming pools. site: www.floridavacation-villas.net WeeklyTop10-Orlando.com - ResevationSystem.com Reservation service offers discount rates and packages on Orlando-area accommodations near Disney World, Universal Orlando, and Sea World. site: www.weeklytop10-orlando.com Looking For disney+vacation+discount? Find disney+vacation+discount and more at Lycos Search. No clutter, just answers. Lycos -- Go Get It! site: http://search.lycos.com disney+vacation+discount: Find more information here. Get more information on disney+vacation+discount right now! We pull from the some of the biggest search engines on the internet, so you don't have too! site: http://www.ezanga.com disney+vacation+discount Find disney+vacation+discount at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer! site: http://www.redzip.com Travel Air Tickets, Hotel Reservations, Car Rental PriceLine For Travel Auctions and Airline Reservations, Hotel Reservations, Car Rentals, Take a Cruise, and Vacation Rentals. All at Discount Prices. YOUR ONE STOP TRAVEL CENTER!! site: http://service.bfast.com Not satisfied with your results? Yahoo © 2005 Best Offers at usedir.dynu.net All Rights Reserved Great Thanks for Microsoft Related Categories Criminal Justice Career Online Casino Free Chip No Deposit Mortgage Broker Training.html Hotels Whistler Allentown Lawyer Florida Law Auto Insurance Generic Propecia Progressive Oxford Individual Health Plan C4127x Final Expense Insurance Leads Offshore Account Wholesale Handbag Softwalk Paton Real Estate Jewelry Discount Arizona Divorce Law Mother Of The Bride Dress Free Spyware Spotter Detection Buck Pocket Knife Health Training 2001 Bmw M5 Parts For Colman Pop Ups Windshield Repair Kit Prestige Mortgage Cadillac Cts V Lowest Intrest Rate Fha Home Inspection Capital One Credit Cards No Credit Acne Medication Home Health Care Furnace Air Cleaner Order Norco No Prescription Bi Weekly Mortgage Payment Calulator With Amortization Schedule Tenn. Real Estate Pet Supplies Uk High School Home Study Dodgeviper Instant Personal Loan Carr Insurance Havana Joe Shoe Sql Server Driver Slipper Genie Intellicode Garage Door Opener Outer Bank Vacation Rental Linksys Etherfast Cable Modem Vinyl Shutter Poker Table Plan Christian Home Based Business Internet Homebased Business Millionaire Fast Weight Loss Program Structural Engineering Netxpress Student Loans Filing Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Man Rolex Watch Mortgage Broker School In Florida Business List Perfume.com Clothing Hanger Homes For Sale In Maryland Tampa Fl Real Estate Computer Technology Usaa Mortgage Website Discount Animal Pharmacy Without Prescripton Vacations Hawaii Accommodation In London Celebrity Cruise Discount Noritake Dinnerware Homeowners Insurance Online Quotes Only Hotels Chicago Il Cheap Bontril Mortgage Bank Umbrellas Apply For Credit Cards Online Hotel Myrtle Beach Estate Planning Lawyer Poker Bonus Codes No Deposite Apply For Credit Card Online Didrex Online International Auto Shipping Credit Card High School Student