air travel 23 May

WHO | Summary of SARS and air travel All WHO This site only Home About WHO Countries Health topics Publications Research tools WHO sites EPR Home Alert & Response Operations Diseases Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network International Health Regulations Laboratory & Epidemiology Strengthening Preparedness for Deliberate Epidemics Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) Country activities | Outbreak news | Resources | Media centre WHO WHO sites Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) printable version Summary of SARS and air travel 23 May 2003 This document addresses the main concerns of the public at large with regard to the risk of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) transmission to passengers and/or crew embarking on an international voyage particularly from an area of recent local transmission . A more detailed account of the specific measures the World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending is available in the Weekly Epidemiological Record dated 4 April 2003. WHO has been working closely with international air transport organizations, including ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and IATA (International Air Transport Association), to provide accurate information in a timely manner to all persons involved in international air travel in order to further reduce the risk of spreading the disease by this means. Risk of SARS transmission in flight The risk of transmission in aircraft is very low. To date, symptomatic probable SARS cases on four flights have been associated with possible transmission onboard. Two of these flights preceded WHO's 15 March 2003 emergency travel advisory, and since 23 March 2003 and the introduction of WHO-recommended screening measures by public health authorities no further cases of SARS in flight have been documented. A key factor in reducing the risk is for passengers and crew to be aware of the main symptoms of SARS which include high fever (38 °C, 100.4 °F), cough, shortness of breath or breathing difficulties. Measure for persons with symptoms compatible with SARS prior to departure WHO has recommended that passengers or crew who develop symptoms compatible with SARS postpone their travel until fully recovered. WHO further recommends that public health authorities ensure that areas with recent local transmission introduce exit screening measures, which may include temperature checks for all passengers and crew. Preventing symptomatic passengers from travelling minimizes what risk there is. Finally, contacts of probable SARS cases should not undertake travel (national or international) for a 10-day period following exposure. In-flight precautions and measures Personal hygiene All passengers and crews should observe good personal hygiene. Wash hands frequently, particularly before eating. If passengers or crew cough or sneeze while onboard, they should cover their mouth and nose, and wash their hands afterwards. Face masks Current evidence indicates that a person infected with SARS is not infectious to others unless s/he has symptoms. Therefore, WHO does not recommend the use of masks by asymptomatic passengers or crew. However, WHO recommends that passengers or crew presenting with symptoms compatible with SARS during a flight from an area with recent local transmission: 1) wear a protective face mask * ; 2) be isolated, as far as possible, from other passengers; and 3) be given access to a toilet cordoned off for their exclusive use. WHO also recommends that the designated crew member(s) caring for a person with symptoms compatible with SARS wear a protective face mask*, gloves and eye protection (e.g. tight-fitting goggles or face shield). Measures on arrival of a flight with a suspected case of SARS The Captain of an aircraft with a person presenting symptoms compatible with SARS onboard should radio the airport of destination so that appropriate arrangements may be made for reception and management by public health authorities. Passenger disembarkation may be delayed upon arrival while the medical officer at the airport of destination examines the patient. Following an assessment by public health authorities, passengers and crew may be required to provide their contact details for the next 14 days. All passengers and crew who are otherwise healthy should be allowed to continue their onward journey. If the ill passenger or crew member is confirmed as a probable case of SARS, public health authorities should notify contacts using the contact details provided. Risk of infection from handling baggage or goods belonging to a SARS case There is no evidence to date to suggest that a person can be infected with SARS from handling baggage or goods, as the major route of transmission is close face-to-face contact with a SARS probable case. Aircraft ventilation The configurations of the air circulation system for commercial aircraft are designed to the specifications of international aviation regulations, as well as guidelines of aircraft manufacturers: Circulation: In flight, fresh air is introduced into the cabin continuously. The entire cabin air volume is exchanged every three minutes. Airflow: The airflow movement is designed to minimize the potential for spreading of bacteria and viruses through the cabin. Filter: Most major airlines install HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filters which are highly efficient in removing dust and airborne contaminants such as droplets, bacteria and large microbes. This means that the spread of all microbes is minimized inside the cabin. Disinfection of aircraft Following a flight with a suspected SARS case, it is recommended that the aircraft be thoroughly cleaned following procedures established by local public health authorities which must involve the strict cleansing and disinfecting of the zone of risk in the cabin area (i.e. seats, headrests, tabletops, handsets, and other materials coming in contact with the suspected case) where the case was seated, as well as all shared facilities. The virus that causes SARS loses infectivity after exposure to commonly used disinfectants. * N/R/P 95/99/100 or FFP 2/3 or an equivalent national manufacturing standard (NIOSH (N,R,P 95,99,100) or European CE EN149:2001(FFP 2,3) and EN143:2000 (P2) or comparable national/regional standards applicable to the country of manufacture. About WHO | -- Employment | Other UN Sites | Search | Suggestions | RSS | Privacy © World Health Organization 2005. 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golf vacations and discount

Golf Resorts and Destinations from Fairmont FAIRMONT GOLF VACATION DESTINATIONS Our destinations feature some of the greatest golf courses in the world. Select A Destination ... ----- USA Aventura, FL Scottsdale, AZ Kohala Coast, HI Wailea, HI Sonoma, CA ----- Canada Banff, AB Jasper, AB La Malbaie, QC Montebello, QC Mont-Tremblant, QC St. Andrew's, NB Whistler, BC ----- Bermuda Southampton ----- Barbados St. James St. James ----- Mexico Acapulco Acapulco FAIRMONT GOLF NEWS > FEATURED GOLF PACKAGES David Leadbetter Golf Package The David Leadbetter Golf Academy's Summer Tour is on the road with Fairmont. Visit your favorite David Leadbetter instructor while enjoying a luxury hotel experience. FAIRMONTSPA RESORTS Fairmont Reservations : 1-800-257-7544 [ More Numbers ] Welcome to Fairmont Golf Destinations Destination Map Explore our worldwide golf resort locations and select the perfect destination. The Chateau Whistler Golf Club The Fairmont Acapulco Princess Word-class service is what you will experience at Chateau Whistler Golf Club. Whether you are part of a foursome, or coordinating a shotgun golf tournament, Chateau Whistler Golf Club's professional team will ensure that your expectations are exceeded and your day will be one to remember. Chateau Whistler Resort offers modern luxury blended with the old style harmony of a turn of the century chateau. Fine cuisine is assured as is a myriad of non-golfing activities such as glacier skiing, fishing, hiking, swimming, tennis and mountain biking. The Fairmont Acapulco Princess and Pierre Marques feature 36 holes of golf just steps from the Pacific Ocean. Fantastic ocean views, beaches, and golf all make this one of the best destinations in Mexico. Considered two of the world's finest resorts, The Fairmont Acapulco Princess and The Fairmont Pierre Marques offer a wide range of excellent facilities, exemplary dining in six restaurants and a peaceful oasis on 480 magnificent acres just 20 minutes outside of downtown Acapulco. From the lush tropical winds that cascade off the Pacific, to the soaring mountains that safeguard the Canadian West. From the brilliant sunsets that paint the Arizona desert, to the serenity that rolls down the hills of Sonoma. No matter the location, Fairmont Hotels & Resorts is the proud proprietor of some of the finest golf courses in the western hemisphere. Fairmont offers you trademark golf vacations and discount golf packages that are certain to leave any golfer yearning to experience the next round at yet another breathtaking course. The golf courses of Fairmont Hotels & Resorts owe much to their spectacular locales and also to the incredible men who designed them. Regardless of the era, our courses have been crafted by some of the finest architects in the game: Stanley Thompson, Robert Trent Jones (both Sr. and Jr.), Thomas McBroom, Jay Morrish and Tom Weiskopf. Renowned for reflecting the grandeur of the natural surroundings, our golf courses have been designed to enhance the landscape and environment from which they emerge. Whether a hole hugs a shoreline, creating a tricky approach shot, or climbs the side of a mountain to a daring green, you will discover layouts that intrigue your senses and challenge your game. Indeed you may also discover some shots that you didn't know were in your repertoire. Whether firing off the tee at The Fairmont Acapulco Princess or lining up a put at the Fairmont Algonquin, our courses will create and inspire a golf experience sure to remain with you long after you’ve returned home. Fairmont Hotels & Resorts © 2003. home | golf resorts | about fairmont | contact us | sitemap

South America Travel Guide

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Asia Africa Caribbean Central America Europe Middle East North America South America Oceania Various Dating Diets Digital camera Divx movies Education Fishing Fonts Health Jobs Kids Movies Real estate Shopping Skiing Sports Supplements Telecom Translators Webmaster Domain names Ecommerce Free resources Shoppingcarts Webdesign Webhosting New sites Fonteine.com Pastfood RealEstate linker zzz More topics..... -- Home Links Keywords Importers Buyleads Membership Contact us Web B izeurope.com travel south america guide Adventure South America - Travel quide to South America, specially designed to photographers, videographers, Tv and Cinema producers. AmeriSpan Study Abroad in Latin America - Offers Spanish immersion study programs, volunteer and internship placements and other educational and cultural travel programs in Latin America. Andean Adventure - Outside Online's Andean Adventure as two cyclists bike from Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of Chile through South America, Central America, and into Mexico. Andes Mountain Expediciones - Expeditions of high altitude mountain, Aconcagua. Trek to Torres del Paine National Park and mountaineering in Argentinean and Chilean Andes. Andex Tours - Online reservations and payments of travel packages to Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile. Complete country information. Aventura - A travel publication focused on Latin America with a searchable database of adventure activities and destinations. BUPA International - Travel guides and country information. Columbus Travel Guides - Complete Guide to South American countries - includes useful addresses, airport information, up-to-date passport, visa and health information. Condor Journeys and Adventures - Specialist in tailor-made cultural and acitivity holidays into all Latin American countries. David W. Bennett - Custom Tour Guide - Personal tour guide, travel planner and consultant to remote and exotic third-world destinations. Discount Travel to South America - Book online airline tickets to South America. Epinions.com: South American Ski Resorts - Reviews and opinions written by consumers. Gofir South America - Originally developed to assist the professional flight crew obtain information for the purpose of planning a domestic or international flight. 24 Hour Travel Service to South America - Journeys to Brazil, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela. unique itineraries. Letsgo.ca - Canadian travel site with information on charter flights and cruises. MyTravelGuide: South America - Country guide, with travel essentials like what to do, how to get there, visa and passport requirements, health and safety precautions, local events and photos. Norte trekking expeditions - Program of 7 days over Argentina North West, Atacama Desert in Chile and Uyuni salt flat in Bolivia. Private tours in small groups with 4x4 supported by local guides. Nuevo Mundo - Provides a searchable hotel, tour and restaurant database for South and Central America. Seektravel - Travel to South America, covering airlines, hotels, and other resources. Solar Tours - Offers sightseeing tours and vacation packages to Latin America, Mexico, and Western Europe. South America for Visitors - From airlines to zoos, everything the visitor to South America needs to make the journey memorable. South American Explorers Club - Travel information for South and Central America. Three Wheels a Day - A chronicle of a bike adventure in South America from December 2001 to March 2002. Includes the Falkland Islands, Chile, and Argentina, and the regions of Patagonia and San Pedro de Atacama. Tropical Nature Travel - Offers trips to Per, Brazil, Bolivia, Amazon jungle, and also specializes in logistics for professional photographers and international film crews. Vacation Information Newsletter - Come look at our travel information newsletter magazine! Villa La Angostura - Touristic city guide featuring hotels listings, trips descriptions, maps and photo galleries. The Virtual Tourist - General information site for the traveler to South America. More resources Able2Know - A forum to discuss travel and culture in South America. AmazonHerp - Introduction to the reptiles and amphibians of the Peruvian Amazon, with many images. Also includes sections on people and places, travel, and articles from Reptiles magazine by Matt Russell. America Latina 2001 - Expedition in Latin America from 1st October 2000, travelogues, photos, forum, and information about each country. Americasol - An information provider, specially visual, about Ecological Tourism and Adventure Travel in South America. Preview of places and of routes of trips through virtual tours. Blue Lizard Adventures - Provides eco tours by boat in the Peruvian Amazon. Descriptions of tours with researchers and scientists for birding, walks in primary rainforest, fishing, and to visit native villages. Chili Ski - A guide to skiing in Chile and Argentina. CiudadNet - Information about destinations in the continent and its countries. Costa Rican Adventures - Miami tour operator, offers private, customized guided tours, hiking, white water rafting, and snorkeling. Destination Explorer - Contains destination and travel information on the South American Continent and its countries. FreeTripInfo - Offers travel information on South American countries and related services, including airlines, tour operators, hotels, resorts, lodges, cruise lines and boat operators, rentals and meals and entertainment. LatinoAve - Search by Country or City. Contains guides, maps, weather report and hotel reservations. South America Links - A travel guide, includes hotels, flights, airfare, car rental, news, maps, museums and restaurants. South America outdoors - A travel, tourism and recreation guide, including hiking, biking, paddling, climbing, nature and national parks. South America Travel Guide - Offers destination information researched and written by a professional editorial teame. Think Venezuela - Venezuela's history, culture and nature discussed. A Travel Guide to Latin America - Information about destinations, maps, tips, where to go, spots to visit, lodging, tours and activities. Includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Peru and the Falkland-Malvinas Islands. Travel Information for the Japanese - A personal site including pictures and diaries in Argentina and Chile. TravelSnob - Contains a database of categorized advice and tips relating to independent travel, organized in a hierarchical structure beginning with country, to regions and towns. TravelWizard Virtuoso - Travel consultants. Offers search by interest, by destination, by date or by product. Worldsurface - Information about tourism for independent travellers and backpackers in South America. Site navigation Add url to Bizeurope Upgrade to professional member Country database Return to Bizeurope keywords Bizeurope company directory Sitemap Airshowreport Asiaprofile Aviationlinker BizEurope Downloadplaza Export Database Export Linker Export Offers EU manufacturer F16 Falcon Forbidden Source Hardwarelinker Hotel2visit Image Supplier Import Database Import Europe Importer USA Import Leads Newsreleaser PC newsflash Scubalinker Search4finance Softwarelinker St Webmaster Telecomlinker Tradefairdatabase Travellinker Turbolinker USAlinker UGA media USA manufacturer Visit2Europe Webdesign Webhosting Worldjump Worldtradelead

Switzerland Travel Deals Switzerland

Switzerland tourism - Switzerland vacation reviews - Switzerland vacations - TripAdvisor Switzerland vacations - Switzerland tourism Sign in • Sign up Home > Europe > Switzerland > Switzerland Tourism Switzerland tourism: Overview Hotels Flights Attractions Deals Forums Maps, etc. All Switzerland reviews Search (e.g., Boston hotels, Las Vegas, Paris art museum) Switzerland Switzerland Overview All Switzerland Reviews Switzerland Hotels Flights to Switzerland Switzerland Deals Switzerland Attractions Switzerland Forums Switzerland Maps Switzerland Discount Hotels Switzerland Vacation Packages e-mail this page to a friend Popular cities Aargau Hotels Adelboden Hotels Appenzell Hotels Ascona Hotels Basel Hotels Bern Hotels Bernese Oberland Hotels Crans-Montana Hotels Davos Hotels Fribourg Hotels Geneva Hotels Grindelwald Hotels Grisons Hotels Gstaad Hotels Interlaken Hotels Lausanne Hotels Locarno Hotels Lucerne Hotels Lugano Hotels Montreux Hotels Saas-Fee Hotels St. Gallen Hotels St. Moritz Hotels Swiss Alps Hotels Ticino Hotels Valais Hotels Vaud Hotels Wengen Hotels Zermatt Hotels Zurich Hotels Read more Switzerland tourism Switzerland vacations - Switzerland tourism Sponsored links * Switzerland Travel Deals Switzerland : Book Best Available Room. ClassicVacations.com Call 800-921-2680 to find your luxury travel specialist Switzerland : Book Now - Pay on Checkout! Venere.com Buying Direct Means Lower Prices. Hotels, B&Bs, Apartments and More. Switzerland : Vacation Planning Experts. ClassicVacations.com Call 800-921-2650 to find your luxury travel specialist 300 Hotels in Switzerland www.bookings.ch Book a hotel in Switzerland online. Great rates. No reservation costs! All results: View all 5,871 Switzerland travel deals Where do you want to go today? Find all the best web-based write-ups and deals on your chosen destination. View map of Switzerland and choose your destination >> View all Switzerland hotels Switzerland Hotel Recommendations Other Destinations Find a great hotel based on web-wide popularity and coverage. Top-Rated hotels: Coeur des Alpes , Zermatt, Valais, Swiss Alps Widder Hotel , Zurich Chalet Fontana , Murren, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps Caprice Hotel , Wengen, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps Victoria Jungfrau Hotel , Interlaken, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps Rugenpark Hotel / B&B Interlaken , Interlaken, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps Badrutt's Palace Hotel , St. Moritz, Grisons, Swiss Alps Hotel Adler , Zurich Hotel Zum Storchen - a Summit Hotel , Zurich Hotel Eden au Lac , Zurich View all Switzerland hotels Find top hotels by destination: Select your destination Basel Bern Bernese Oberland Davos Geneva Interlaken Lausanne Lucerne Lugano St. Moritz Swiss Alps Valais Zermatt Zurich Popular Switzerland Destinations Check out these popular places: Basel Bern Bernese Oberland Davos Geneva Interlaken Lausanne Lucerne Lugano St. Moritz Swiss Alps Valais Zermatt Zurich Switzerland Attractions Top Switzerland Attractions: Museum of Art (Kunsthaus Zurich) , Zurich Cathedrale de St-Pierre , Geneva Chateau de Chillon , Montreux, Vaud Little Carouge (Carougka) , Geneva International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum (Musee International de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge) , Geneva Great Church (Grossmunster) , Zurich Church of Our Lady (Fraumunster) , Zurich Jungfrau , Grindelwald, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps The Jungfraujoch Experience , Interlaken, Bernese Oberland, Swiss Alps Munster (Cathedral) , Basel Click above or search for more attractions in your destination: Select your destination Basel Bern Bernese Oberland Davos Geneva Interlaken Lausanne Lucerne Lugano St. Moritz Swiss Alps Valais Zermatt Zurich Switzerland Articles and Guidebooks SmartDeals From tips & tricks to rants & raves. Read the best sources and the most up-to-date reviews... "Overview of Switzerland," Frommer's "Swiss values: majestic views, challenging slopes," Nov 13, 2005 , Boston.com / Boston Globe "Going To: Bern," Jun 26, 2005 , New York Times (free registration required) "In Zurich, More Than Steeple Chasing," Jun 19, 2005 , Washington Post (free registration required) Read all Switzerland reviews Find a great Switzerland hotel deal! SmartDeals show you the best rates on the best hotels. Victoria Jungfrau Hotel Average price: $1552 Victoria Jungfrau Hotel - Book best available room - ClassicVacations.com More reviews, deals Hotel Zum Storchen - a Summit Hotel Average price: $421 Hotel Zum Storchen - a Summit Hotel - Book Now! - Venere.com More reviews, deals Hotel Adler Average price: $176 Hotel Adler - Great Rates - Otel.com More reviews, deals View all SmartDeals TripAdvisor Switzerland Traveler Forums Travelers like you give candid advice on hotels and much more. Join the Discussion March Train Tour (3 replies, 3:52 pm, today) Holiday Wishes (6 replies, 9:16 am, yesterday) Tips for a trip to Switzerland in July (7 replies, 4:35 am, Dec 26, 2005) Read all Switzerland discussions Post a new Switzerland topic Share Your Travel Savvy skiing in late March in Switzerland (no replies, 4:41 pm, yesterday) 4 Day trip to Switzerland in Middle of March (no replies, 1:10 pm, yesterday) Zurich and Genava (no replies, 10:31 pm, Dec 13, 2005) Browse all Switzerland discussions Free alerts on Switzerland Subscribe to our TripWatch newsletter: Weekly alert to new reviews and deals Personal watch list is customizable to add other cities, hotels or attractions Plus getaway ideas from your hometown ( new feature, limited coverage ) Let Us Watch Switzerland for You E-mail: About TripAdvisor TripAdvisor provides unbiased reviews, articles, recommendations and opinions on Switzerland vacations. 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South America Travel

Destinations: Tropical South America | CDC Travelers' Health Home About CDC Press Room Funding A-Z Index Centers, Institute & Offices Training & Employment Contact Us CDC en Español Search: Travelers' Health Travelers' Health Home > Destinations > Tropical South America Health Information for Travelersto Countries in Tropical South America On This Page Vaccines for Your Protection Diseases Found in Tropical South America Other Health Risks What You Need To Bring With You Staying Healthy During Your Trip After You Return Home For More Information Travel Notices in Effect Yellow Fever: Venezuela, South America (Released November 4, 2005) U.S. Department of State See all Traveler's Health travel notices Vaccines for Your Protection: Tropical South America Routine Vaccinations Check with your healthcare provider: you and your family may need routine as well as recommended vaccinations. Before travel, be sure you and your children are up to date on all routine immunizations according to schedules approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP). See the schedule for adults and the schedule for infants and children . Some schedules can be accelerated for travel. See your doctor at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for shots to take effect. If it is less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see your doctor. It might not be too late to get your shots or medications as well as other information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. Recommended Vaccinations and Preventive Medications The following vaccines may be recommended for your travel to Tropical South America. Discuss your travel plans and personal health with a health-care provider to determine which vaccines you will need. Hepatitis A or immune globulin (IG). Transmission of hepatitis A virus can occur through direct person-to-person contact; through exposure to contaminated water, ice, or shellfish harvested in contaminated water; or from fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are eaten uncooked and that were contaminated during harvesting or subsequent handling. Hepatitis B , especially if you might be exposed to blood or body fluids (for example, health-care workers), have sexual contact with the local population, or be exposed through medical treatment. Hepatitis B vaccine is now recommended for all infants and for children ages 11–12 years who did not receive the series as infants. Malaria: your risk of malaria may be high in these countries, including some cities. See your health care provider for a prescription antimalarial drug. For details concerning risk and preventive medications, see Malaria Information for Travelers to Tropical South America . Rabies , if you might have extensive unprotected outdoor exposure in rural areas, such as might occur during camping, hiking, or bicycling, or engaging in certain occupational activities. Typhoid vaccine. Typhoid fever can be contracted through contaminated drinking water or food, or by eating food or drinking beverages that have been handled by a person who is infected. Large outbreaks are most often related to fecal contamination of water supplies or foods sold by street vendors. As needed, booster doses for tetanus-diphtheria and measles . Required Vaccinations Yellow fever is present in this region and vaccination is recommended if you travel to the endemic zones in any of these countries. A certificate of yellow fever vaccination may be required for entry into certain countries if you have visited an endemic area. For detailed information, see Comprehensive Yellow Fever Vaccination Requirements . Also, find the nearest authorized U.S. yellow fever vaccine center . Diseases found in Tropical South America (risk can vary by country and region within a country; quality of in-country surveillance also varies) Malaria An Anopheles freeborni mosquito takes a blood meal. Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. Humans get malaria from the bite of a mosquito infected with the parasite. Prevent this serious disease by seeing your health care provider for a prescription antimalarial drug and by protecting yourself against mosquito bites ( see below ). Your risk of malaria may be high in these countries, including some cities. Travelers to malaria-risk areas, including infants, children, and former residents of South America, should take an antimalarial drug. Chloroquine is the recommended drug for Paraguay. Travelers to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela should take one of the following antimalarial drugs: (listed alphabetically): atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, or primaquine (in special circumstances). For additional information on malaria risk and prevention, see Malaria Information for Travelers to Tropical South America . Yellow Fever Yellow fever is present in this region and vaccination is recommended if you travel to the endemic zones. A certificate of yellow fever vaccination may be required for entry into certain countries if you have visited an endemic area. For detailed information, see Comprehensive Yellow Fever Vaccination Requirements . Also, find the nearest authorized U.S. yellow fever vaccine center . Food and Waterborne Diseases Avoid buying food or drink from street vendors, because it is relatively easy for such food to become contaminated. Make sure your food and drinking water are safe. Food and waterborne diseases are the primary cause of illness in travelers. Travelers’ diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, which are found throughout Tropical South America and can contaminate food or water. Infections may cause diarrhea and vomiting ( E. coli , Salmonella , cholera , and parasites), fever ( typhoid fever and toxoplasmosis), or liver damage ( hepatitis). Brucellosis is occasionally seen in travelers, most commonly acquired through eating or drinking contaminated milk products. Additional information: see the Safe Food and Water page for a list of links. Other Disease Risks Dengue , filariasis , leishmaniasis , onchocerciasis , and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) are other diseases carried by insects that also occur in this region. Epidemics of viral encephalitis and dengue fever occur in some countries in this area. Bartonellosis, or Oroya fever (a sand fly-borne disease), occurs in arid river valleys on the western slopes of the Andes up to 3,000 meters (9,842 feet). Louse-borne typhus, a rickettsial infection is often found in mountain areas of Colombia and Peru. Protecting yourself against insect bites ( see below ) will help to prevent these diseases. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be contracted in fresh water in this region, is found in Brazil, Suriname, and north-central Venezuela. Do not swim in fresh water (except in well-chlorinated swimming pools) in these countries. (For more information, please see Swimming and Recreational Water Precautions .) If you visit the Andes Mountains, ascend gradually to allow time for your body to adjust to the high altitude, which can cause insomnia, headaches, nausea, and altitude sickness. In addition, use sunblock rated at least 15 SPF, because the risk of sunburn is greater at high altitudes. Other Health Risks Injuries Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury among travelers. Protect yourself from motor vehicle injuries: avoid drinking and driving; wear your safety belt and place children in age-appropriate restraints in the back seat; follow the local customs and laws regarding pedestrian safety and vehicle speed; obey the rules of the road; and use helmets on bikes, motorcycles, and motor bikes. Avoid boarding an overloaded bus or mini-bus. Where possible, hire a local driver. What You Need To Bring With You Long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and a hat to wear whenever possible while outside, to prevent illnesses carried by insects (e.g., malaria , Dengue , filariasis , leishmaniasis , and onchocerciasis ). Insect repellent containing DEET . Bed nets treated with permethrin. For use and purchasing information, see Insecticide Treated Bednets on the CDC malaria site. Overseas, permethrin or another insecticide, deltamethrin, may be purchased to treat bed nets and clothes. Flying-insect spray to help clear rooms of mosquitoes. The product should contain a pyrethroid insecticide; these insecticides quickly kill flying insects, including mosquitoes. Iodine tablets and portable water filters to purify water if bottled water is not available. See Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water Filters and Bottled Water for more detailed information. Sunblock, sunglasses, and a hat for protection from harmful effects of UV sun rays. See Skin Cancer Questions and Answers for more information . Prescription medications: make sure you have enough to last during your trip, as well as a copy of the prescription(s) or letter from your health-care provider on office stationery explaining that the medication has been prescribed for you. Always carry medications in their original containers, in your carry-on luggage. Be sure to bring along over-the-counter antidiarrheal medication (e.g., bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide) and an antibiotic prescribed by your doctor to self-treat moderate to severe diarrhea. See suggested over-the-counter medications and first aid items for a travel kit . Staying Healthy During Your Trip Travelers should take the following precautions To stay healthy, do... When using repellent on a child, apply it to your own hands and then rub them on your child. Avoid children's eyes and mouth and use it sparingly around their ears. Wash your hands often with soap and water or, if hands are not visibly soiled, use a waterless, alcohol-based hand rub to remove potentially infectious materials from your skin and help prevent disease transmission. In developing countries, drink only bottled or boiled water, or carbonated (bubbly) drinks in cans or bottles. Avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes. If this is not possible, learn how to make water safer to drink . Take your malaria prevention medication before, during, and after travel, as directed. (See your health care provider for a prescription.) To prevent fungal and parasitic infections, keep feet clean and dry, and do not go barefoot, even on beaches. Always use latex condoms to reduce the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Protect yourself from mosquito insect bites: Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats when outdoors. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats. Use insect repellents that contain DEET (N, N-diethylmethyltoluamide). For more information about insect repellents and correct use, see What You Need to Know about Mosquito Repellent on the CDC West Nile Virus site . If no screening or air conditioning is available: use a pyrethroid-containing spray in living and sleeping areas during evening and night-time hours; sleep under bed nets, preferably insecticide-treated ones. If you are visiting friends and relatives in your home country, see additional special information about malaria prevention in Recent Immigrants to the U.S. from Malarious Countries Returning 'Home' to Visit Friends and Relatives on the CDC Malaria site. Do not Do not eat food purchased from street vendors or food that is not well cooked to reduce risk of infection (i.e., hepatitis A and typhoid fever). Do not drink beverages with ice. Avoid dairy products, unless you know they have been pasteurized. Do not swim in fresh water to avoid exposure to certain water-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis. (For more information, please see Swimming and Recreational Water Precautions .) Do not handle animals, especially monkeys, dogs, and cats, to avoid bites and serious diseases (including rabies and plague). Consider pre-exposure rabies vaccination if you might have extensive unprotected outdoor exposure in rural areas. For more information, please see Animal-Associated Hazards . Do not share needles for tattoos, body piercing or injections to prevent infections such as HIV and hepatitis B. After You Return Home If you have visited a malaria-risk area, continue taking your antimalarial drug for 4 weeks (chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine) or seven days (atovaquone/proguanil) after leaving the risk area. Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. If you become ill with a fever or flu-like illness either while traveling in a malaria-risk area or after you return home (for up to 1 year), you should seek immediate medical attention and should tell the physician your travel history. For More Information For more information about these and other diseases, please check the Diseases page and CDC Health Topics A-Z Diseases carried by insects Dengue : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=dengue.htm : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=lyme.htm Malaria information for Travelers to Tropical South America : http://www.cdc.gov/travel/regionalmalaria/tropsam.htm Malaria Frequently asked questions : http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm Malaria Prescription Drugs : http://www.cdc.gov/travel/malariadrugs.htm : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=plague.htm Yellow fever : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=yellowfever.htm Diseases carried in food or water : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=madcow.htm Cholera : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=cholera.htm Escherichia coli diarrhea : http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm Hepatitis A : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=hav.htm Schistosomiasis : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=schisto.htm Typhoid fever : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=typhoid.htm Diseases from person-to-person contact Hepatitis B : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=hbv.htm HIV/AIDS prevention : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=hivaids.htm HIV-infected travelers (in The Immunocompromised Traveler) : http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=special&obj=hivtrav.htm&cssNav=browseoyb Important: This document is not a complete medical guide for travelers to this region. Consult with your doctor for specific information related to your needs and your medical history; recommendations may differ for pregnant women, young children, and persons who have chronic medical conditions. Date: November 4, 2005 Content Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine Destinations Vaccinations Diseases Yellow Book Safe Food and Water Illness and Injury Abroad Traveling with Children Cruise Ship and Air Travel Special Needs Travel Traveling with Pets Travel Medicine Clinics Yellow Fever Vaccination Clinics References and Resources Travelers' Health Automated Information Line PHONE: 877-FYI-TRIP toll free (Information about ordering the Yellow Book and International Certificates of Vaccination and recorded messages on travel-related health topics) VIA EMAIL: Contact Us Form Home | Policies and Regulations | Disclaimer | e-Government | FOIA | Contact Us Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Tel: (404) 639-3311 / Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435